Understanding the signs, risk factors, and stages of breast cancer is key to early detection and effective treatment.
Breast cancer is a type of cancer that develops in breast tissue, most commonly in the milk ducts (ductal) or milk-producing lobules. Although it can affect both men and women, it occurs far more frequently in women. According to Globocan 2022 data, breast cancer ranks as the most common type of cancer in Indonesia, with 66,271 reported cases, and the number continues to rise each year.
Signs and Causes of Breast Cancer
Breast cancer may present with several warning signs, including:
- Changes in the nipple, such as inversion (pulling inward)
- Unusual nipple discharge, which may be red, yellow, green, or black
- Sores or ulcers on the areola
- Changes in the size or shape of the breast
- Changes in skin texture, such as dimpling or a rough, “orange peel” appearance
The exact cause of breast cancer is not fully understood. However, several risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing the disease, including:
- Genetic factors: Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes
- Family history: Higher risk if close relatives have had breast cancer
- Age: Risk increases with age, particularly after 50
- Hormonal factors: Prolonged exposure to oestrogen (e.g. early menstruation, late menopause, or long-term hormone therapy)
- Lifestyle factors: Obesity, excessive alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and smoking
- Radiation exposure: Especially at a young age
“Early detection is key in the management of breast cancer. With routine screening such as mammography and breast ultrasound, we can identify cancer at an early stage, significantly increasing the chances of recovery,” said dr Bajuadji, SpB (K) Onk, MARS, Surgical Oncology Specialist at Bethsaida Hospital Gading Serpong.
Symptoms of Breast Cancer
Early symptoms of breast cancer may vary, but commonly include lumps or thickening in the breast or underarm area, changes in breast size or shape, and nipple inversion or abnormal discharge. The skin of the breast may also show changes such as redness, dimpling, or an “orange peel” texture. Persistent pain in the breast area should not be ignored.
If any of these symptoms occur, it is important to consult a doctor promptly for early detection and appropriate treatment.
Diagnosis of Breast Cancer
To diagnose breast cancer, doctors carry out a series of examinations to confirm the presence, type, and stage of the disease. Common diagnostic methods include:
- Physical examination – Assessment of the breast and underarm area to detect lumps or abnormalities
- Mammography – An X-ray imaging test used to identify abnormalities in breast tissue
- Breast ultrasound – Helps distinguish between fluid-filled cysts and solid masses
- Biopsy – A tissue sample is taken and analysed in a laboratory to confirm cancer cells
- Breast MRI – Provides detailed imaging, particularly when other results are inconclusive
Stages of Breast Cancer
Determining the stage of breast cancer is crucial, as it influences treatment options and prognosis.
- Stage 0 (Carcinoma in situ): Cancer cells are confined to the ducts or lobules. Treatment may include lumpectomy or mastectomy to prevent progression.
- Stage I: Tumour ≤2 cm and has not spread to lymph nodes. Treatment may include breast-conserving surgery (BCS) or partial mastectomy, with a recovery rate of 98–99%.
- Stage II: Tumour larger than 2 cm or spread to nearby lymph nodes. Treatment may involve BCS, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy, with a recovery rate of 70–80%.
- Stage III: Tumour approximately 4–6 cm with wider spread to lymph nodes or surrounding tissues. Treatment may include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and mastectomy, with a recovery rate of 40–60%.
- Stage IV: Cancer has metastasised to other organs such as the lungs, liver, bones, or brain. Treatment may include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and other targeted therapies, with a recovery rate of 20–30%.
“Each patient’s condition is unique; therefore, breast cancer treatment must be tailored to the stage and characteristics of the disease. Consultation with a specialist is essential to determine the most appropriate therapy,” added dr Bajuadji.
Breast cancer is not a final diagnosis if detected and treated appropriately. The earlier it is identified, the greater the chances of recovery. It is therefore important to recognise symptoms, understand risk factors, and carry out regular examinations such as breast self-examination (BSE) and routine mammography screening.
At Bethsaida Hospital, diagnostic and treatment services for breast cancer are supported by modern technology and a team of experienced specialists.
“We recognise the importance of comprehensive and integrated oncology services, particularly for women. The Breast Clinic at Bethsaida Hospital Gading Serpong is equipped with advanced facilities to support early detection, accurate diagnosis, and comprehensive treatment of breast cancer,” said dr Pitono, Director of Bethsaida Hospital Gading Serpong.