Cervical cancer can be prevented and treated if detected early. Learn how the HPV DNA test helps identify high-risk HPV infection before cancer develops.
Cervical cancer remains one of the most serious health concerns affecting women in Indonesia. According to GLOBOCAN 2022 data, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women in the country, with 36,964 reported cases, and the number continues to rise. The encouraging news, however, is that cervical cancer is preventable through vaccination and highly treatable when detected early.
Causes and Development of Cervical Cancer
Dr Agustinus Darmawan, Sp.OG, Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist at Bethsaida Hospital Serang, explains, “Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the primary cause of cervical cancer. However, not all HPV infections will develop into cancer. Other risk factors, such as smoking, a weakened immune system, early sexual activity, and unsafe sexual practices, may further increase the risk.”
Cervical cancer typically begins with an HPV infection that causes changes in the normal cells of the cervix. If left undetected and untreated, these abnormal cells may gradually develop into cancer over a period of 10 to 20 years.
Symptoms and Stages of Cervical Cancer
In its early stages, cervical cancer often presents with no noticeable symptoms. As the disease progresses, possible signs may include:
- Abnormal bleeding after sexual intercourse (post-coital bleeding)
- Bleeding between menstrual periods
- Persistent vaginal discharge with an unusual odour
- Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse
- Unexplained weight loss
- Chronic anaemia
Cervical cancer is classified into stages ranging from Stage 1 (cancer confined to the cervix) to Stage 4 (cancer that has spread to other organs). Early detection is crucial to prevent progression to advanced stages.
Early Detection with the HPV DNA Test
One of the most accurate early detection methods currently available is the HPV DNA test. This screening method detects the presence of HPV DNA in cervical cells, even before cellular changes that may lead to cancer occur.
“The HPV DNA test has high sensitivity in detecting high-risk HPV infections, particularly types 16 and 18, which carry the greatest risk of causing cervical cancer,” explains Dr Agustinus.
Unlike a Pap smear, which identifies abnormal cellular changes, the HPV DNA test can provide earlier information about a woman’s risk of developing cervical cancer. This method is generally recommended for women aged 30 and above, or for those with higher risk factors.
Management and Prevention of Cervical Cancer
If detected at an early stage, cervical cancer can be treated through various methods, including surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy, depending on the stage and severity of the disease.
“The earlier cervical cancer is detected, the greater the likelihood of successful treatment,” adds Dr Agustinus.
In addition to early detection, prevention plays a vital role. HPV vaccination offers protection against the virus responsible for cervical cancer. Routine screening, including Pap smears and HPV DNA tests, should form part of a woman’s regular health checks, ideally carried out at recommended intervals as advised by a healthcare professional.
Dr Tirtamulya, Director of Bethsaida Hospital Serang, emphasised the hospital’s commitment to providing comprehensive women’s healthcare services:
“We recognise that women’s health, particularly reproductive health, is of paramount importance. Therefore, we focus not only on treatment but also on prevention and education. With comprehensive facilities and a highly skilled medical team, we aim to be a trusted partner in supporting women to maintain their health. Our Obstetrics and Gynaecology Clinic is fully equipped to support women’s healthcare needs, including the early detection of cervical cancer.”